A.B.
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Some information about these receptors collected on Wikipedia.
Beta 2 adrenergic receptor:
Relaxation of smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are found on the walls of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, the gastrointestinal (gut motility), respiratory (bronchi), and reproductive tracts, and a few other places.
Glucose production in muscle cells.
Insulin secretion by the pancreas.
Heart muscle contraction and cardiac output.
In the liver, breakdown of glycogen into glucose, and generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. The liver stores stores most of our glucose reserves in the form of glycogen.
Increases renin secretion by the kidney.
Inhibit histamine release.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3:
Constriction of smooth muscles.
Paradoxically on endothelial cells, activation of this receptor leads to vasodilation, since the endothelial cells react by producing nitric oxide.
It regulates insulin secretion in the pancreas and is important for understanding type 2 diabetes.
M3 receptors are located on many endocrine (hormones) and exocrine glands (sweat, digestive enzymes, mucus, etc). Sounds like a recipe for nonspecific gut problems and HPA axis hypofunction.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4:
It functions as an inhibitory autoreceptor for acetylcholine. My understanding is that the purpose of this receptor is to make sure that cells in the brain don't secrete too much acetylcholine. PS: Could this explain hypersensitivity to stimulation?
Beta 2 adrenergic receptor:
Relaxation of smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are found on the walls of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, the gastrointestinal (gut motility), respiratory (bronchi), and reproductive tracts, and a few other places.
Glucose production in muscle cells.
Insulin secretion by the pancreas.
Heart muscle contraction and cardiac output.
In the liver, breakdown of glycogen into glucose, and generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. The liver stores stores most of our glucose reserves in the form of glycogen.
Increases renin secretion by the kidney.
Inhibit histamine release.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3:
Constriction of smooth muscles.
Paradoxically on endothelial cells, activation of this receptor leads to vasodilation, since the endothelial cells react by producing nitric oxide.
It regulates insulin secretion in the pancreas and is important for understanding type 2 diabetes.
M3 receptors are located on many endocrine (hormones) and exocrine glands (sweat, digestive enzymes, mucus, etc). Sounds like a recipe for nonspecific gut problems and HPA axis hypofunction.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4:
It functions as an inhibitory autoreceptor for acetylcholine. My understanding is that the purpose of this receptor is to make sure that cells in the brain don't secrete too much acetylcholine. PS: Could this explain hypersensitivity to stimulation?
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