soulfeast
Senior Member
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- 420
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- Virginia, US
VIP-MSH and Viral Infection
http://www.national-toxic-encephalopathy-foundation.org/ritchie.pdf
The regularly observed deficits in two neuropeptides, vasoactive 416
intestinal peptide (VIP) and melanocyte stimulation hormone (MSH), 417
both neuroendocrine regulators of inflammatory responses, suggests 418
an absence of regulation of inflammation in the development 419
and persistence of CC. These two neuropeptides have profound anti- 420
inflammatory effects both in vivo and in vitro; each shows great 421
promise for treatment of inflammatory disease progression (for 422
excellent reviews see [8,16]). Deficiency in these neuropeptides can 423
be acquired either acutely or delayed, as well as through diverse 424
mechanisms such as acute brain injuries [28] or persistent viral 425 infection [51].
Although both VIP and MSH have specific receptors in 426
immune cells, MSH is also thought to directly antagonize the classic 427
inflammatory interleukin-1β receptor [34]. Receptor density and 428
affinity for these peptides have been proven crucial to function. VIP 429
can enhance newly defined inflammatory Th17 differentiation path- 430
ways through VIP receptor type 1 (VPAC1) [55] while VPAC2 levels 431
are critical in maintaining Th1 and Th2 states in CD4+ T cells of MS 432
433 patients [50]. Furthermore, VIP receptor agonists in rats showed
434 efficacy in protection against Alzheimers related learning impairment
435 [21] while deficiency was shown to cause cognitive deficits in mice
436 [11], a common symptom of cases in this cohort. Another critical
437 role for these neuropeptides is the induction of tolerogenic dendritic
438 cells and generation of T regulatory cells (Tregs), which suppress
439 autoreactive T cells and autoimmune progression [16]. Even in
440 healthy individuals autoreactive T cells can escape clonal deletion
441 and must be policed in the periphery by Tregs to prevent pathologic
442 autoimmunity [14]. Of note, these CC study patients with deficiency
443 of VIP and MSH show evidence of autoimmune findings in elevated
444 anti-gliadin and anti-cardiolipin antibodies.
http://www.national-toxic-encephalopathy-foundation.org/ritchie.pdf
The regularly observed deficits in two neuropeptides, vasoactive 416
intestinal peptide (VIP) and melanocyte stimulation hormone (MSH), 417
both neuroendocrine regulators of inflammatory responses, suggests 418
an absence of regulation of inflammation in the development 419
and persistence of CC. These two neuropeptides have profound anti- 420
inflammatory effects both in vivo and in vitro; each shows great 421
promise for treatment of inflammatory disease progression (for 422
excellent reviews see [8,16]). Deficiency in these neuropeptides can 423
be acquired either acutely or delayed, as well as through diverse 424
mechanisms such as acute brain injuries [28] or persistent viral 425 infection [51].
Although both VIP and MSH have specific receptors in 426
immune cells, MSH is also thought to directly antagonize the classic 427
inflammatory interleukin-1β receptor [34]. Receptor density and 428
affinity for these peptides have been proven crucial to function. VIP 429
can enhance newly defined inflammatory Th17 differentiation path- 430
ways through VIP receptor type 1 (VPAC1) [55] while VPAC2 levels 431
are critical in maintaining Th1 and Th2 states in CD4+ T cells of MS 432
433 patients [50]. Furthermore, VIP receptor agonists in rats showed
434 efficacy in protection against Alzheimers related learning impairment
435 [21] while deficiency was shown to cause cognitive deficits in mice
436 [11], a common symptom of cases in this cohort. Another critical
437 role for these neuropeptides is the induction of tolerogenic dendritic
438 cells and generation of T regulatory cells (Tregs), which suppress
439 autoreactive T cells and autoimmune progression [16]. Even in
440 healthy individuals autoreactive T cells can escape clonal deletion
441 and must be policed in the periphery by Tregs to prevent pathologic
442 autoimmunity [14]. Of note, these CC study patients with deficiency
443 of VIP and MSH show evidence of autoimmune findings in elevated
444 anti-gliadin and anti-cardiolipin antibodies.
Lisa,
As floydguy mentioned, my understanding is that people with a chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) often show abnormally low or high VEGF with low VEGF being more common. One other thing -- actually your VEGF is very elevated.
MSH - yes, this refers to melanocyte stimulating hormone. Most of the research is concerned with MSH's effects on skin pigmentation, appetite and libido. However, it also regulates or affects a number of other things such as sleep, digestion, neurological function, central nervous system function, inflammation etc. etc.
Re: whether another mechanism/disease (Lyme, XMRV etc) must always be present to cause the inflammation and permanent CFS symptoms. Shoemaker just published a paper where he examined patients with chronic ciguatera poisoning (from eating poisonous fish). The patients' only exposure appeared to be from the ciguatera poisoning and they displayed the CIRS biomarker abnormalities such as - low MSH & VIP, elevated C4a and TGF-beta1 etc.
http://www.national-toxic-encephalopathy-foundation.org/ritchie.pdf