There are two steps in converting riboflavin to the active vitamin - first to FMN, then to FAD. Molybdenum is used in the second step. Thyroid hormone is used in the first step hence the need for iodine and selenium.
FMN (also known as riboflavin 5 phosphate) is available as a supplement but not FAD.
Note also that swallowed FMN is largely processed before it is absorbed from the intestine. This involves clipping off the added phosphate group which negates the point of taking the active vitamin. There does appear to be a second route of direct uptake but this is not well understood.
Sublingual FMN should be directly absorbed.
FMN (also known as riboflavin 5 phosphate) is available as a supplement but not FAD.
Note also that swallowed FMN is largely processed before it is absorbed from the intestine. This involves clipping off the added phosphate group which negates the point of taking the active vitamin. There does appear to be a second route of direct uptake but this is not well understood.
Sublingual FMN should be directly absorbed.
Sublingual FMN should work, but sublingual FAD would be much better if that were available. FAD is the form of the active flavin that gets used in most enzymes. Can someone summarize the sublingual forms that are available now?
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