Aluminium in vaccines linked to new post-vaccine syndrome

Countrygirl

Senior Member
Messages
5,635
Location
UK
http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/new-autoimmunity-syndrome-linked-aluminum-vaccines

Leading immunologists at International Congress on Autoimmunity link aluminum in vaccines to a new post-vaccine syndrome
While "anti-vaxxers" are being smeared in public campaigns as backward and unscientific fear-mongers, a growing body of cutting edge research is emerging from the top echelons of medical immunology to confirm what the cranks have been saying for years about the devastating effects of vaccine ingredients. The biggest names in the field of study of the human immune system are attached to current papers in the most prestigious immunology literature that link widely used vaccine ingredients such as aluminum to terrifying modern epidemics of immune-mediated diseases including autism and Alzheimer's. As well, they've identified an entirely new post-vaccine syndrome: Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA). And while the study of ASIA is shining light on the underlying mechanisms through which vaccine ingredients trigger disease, it is also exposing cracks in the foundation of a century of vaccine orthodoxy .

Nearly 3,000 doctors and scientists from around the world gathered last week at the 9th International Congress on Autoimmunity (ICA) in the Nice Acropolis Convention Center on the French Riviera. Dozens of seminars and panel discussions of causes and treatments for scores of autoimmune diseases were scheduled. But an entire day of the four day event held every two years was devoted to the 3rd International Vaccine Symposium held under the umbrella of the ICA.

Ignasi Rodriguez-Pinto, an autoimmunologist at the Barcelona Hospital Clinic and former fellow of the pre-eminent Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases at Tel Aviv University's Sheba Medical Center was at the symposium to announce the creation of a world registry for ASIA.

ASIA was first identified in the Journal of Autoimmunology in 2011 by Dr. Yehuda Schoenfeld, founder of the Zabludowicz Center. It includes a broad spectrum of neurological and immune-mediated phenomena seen following vaccine injections which result from exposure to their ingredients, including aluminum. Among ASIA's diagnostic criteria: weakness, anxiety, rashes, chronic fatigue, sleep disorders and the onset of a range of autoimmune diseases from Systemic Lupus Erythematosis to Rheumatoid Arthritis -- sometimes years after an initial reaction.

ASIA is also dubbed "Schoenfeld's Syndrome" for Shoenfeld who has published more than 1,700 articles in the medical literature and is widely regarded as the world's leading authority on autoimmunity -- disease that results when certain proteins in the body lose their "immune privilege" or protected status, and the machinery of the human defence system mistakes them as foreign invaders and launches an assault on its own body.

"ASIA is a wide concept that includes any environmental factor which is demonstrated to trigger autoimmune conditions," said Rodriguez-Pinto. Cases of Gulf War Syndrome, which result from exposure to the chemical squalene – a component of vaccines used on military personnel during the Gulf War, and siliconosis – immune-mediated symptoms triggered by silicon exposure in prostheses and breast implants – are now being considered under ASIA's umbrella, he said.

The registry was established in January of this year as a tool to enable researchers to analyze cases of ASIA globally, to compare clinical manifestations after exposure, and to establish common instigators of autoimmunity and compare efficacy of treatments. In its first month of operation, 283 confirmed cases of the syndrome were registered -- 73% followed vaccination while the remainder were exposed to other known toxins.



Picture above: Adult sheep affected by ASIA: extreme catchexia, poor wool coat, redness of skin, atrophy of muscular masses and generalized weakness, followed by death

Most currently registered cases of ASIA have followed vaccination for Hepatitis B (70.7 percent), said Rodriguz- Pinto. Forty percent of the cases developed defined autoimmune conditions including Multiple Sclerosis and a subgroup of 20 percent had more than one diagnosed autoimmune disease.

"Adjuvants have been used for decades to improve the immune response to vaccines, and among this large group, alumimum and silicone are most commonly described," explains a paper in the July 2013 Immunologic Research, penned by four leading immunologists including Schoenfeld. "Nonetheless, as supported by increasing reports, although rarely vaccines are able to trigger the development of [autoimmune diseases] ADs in genetically susceptible humans, this could be ascribed to the presence of containing adjuvants. The time relationship between the vaccine delivery and overt disease can last from a few weeks to even years."

The paper adds that a "now abundant literature shows that exposure of human and animals to aluminum from various sources can have deleterious consequences on the nervous system, especially in adults."

Among the authors of that abundant literature is Canada's Christopher Shaw, chairman of the Children's Medical Safety Research Institute and a researcher at the University of British Columbia who , at the IAC last week described aluminum as "insidiously unsafe."

"That the aluminum ion is very toxic is well known," said Shaw. "Its toxicity was recognized as long ago as 1911 and evidence of that has only been amplified since," he said, especially in a growing body of evidence of aluminum's role in Alzheimer's disease and autism.

Though found in some food and water sources, since the 1920s, aluminum has been used in many and a growing number of vaccines, Shaw said, and "the compartment in which you put it in and the route of administration makes all the difference."

"Aluminum is a demonstrated neurotoxin," he added. "From the molecular level between ions and molecules, to the genome, to the protein and cellular level to the circuit level, there is no level of the nervous system that aluminum does not negatively impact."

Shaw reported on his research on mice injected with aluminum doses equivalent to those in vaccine injections. They showed progressive loss of muscle strength and endurance, and at the cellular level, "profound loss of motor neurons."

He and other researchers also demonstrated "social interaction deficits" and elevated anxiety levels among the vaccinated mice, reflected by their obsessive stair climbing and reluctance to move between light and dark regions compared to controls, for example. Shaw's forthcoming research demonstrates the impact of aluminum on gene proteins and gene expression and how these relate to autism.

MIT senior research scientist Stephanie Seneff presented a roundup of studies outlining the effect of aluminum on the pineal gland and its possible explanation for the high prevalence of sleep disorders among ASIA sufferers.

French researcher Romain Gherardi explained his team's 2013 study describing a severe meningoencephalitis in mice after vaccination and tracing the path of nanoparticlized aluminum in doses equivalent to what a human would receive. The team found deposits of aluminum encapsulated in macrophages – large immune cells that engulf foreign particles -- in lymph nodes, spleen and brain tissue just four days after injection and lasting up to one year after a single shot. "Aluminum particles used in vaccines are biopersistant and neuromigratory," he concluded. "These properties have been previously underestimated," and he said, they could explain "neurobiological adverse events."

Another Canadian researcher, Lucija Tomljenovic, described the mechanisms she believes were operating in the deaths of two girls: a 19-year-old who died in her sleep six months following HPV vaccination, and a 14-year-old girl who died in her bathtub 15 days after a second HPV shot. Tomljenovic stained tissue samples from each of the girls' brains and found evidence that aluminum was acting as a "Trojan Horse" into the brain, carrying along with it vaccine components which induced a "cross-reactive" autoimmune attack causing cerebral hemorrhage.

Though not a human study, perhaps Spanish veterinary researcher Lluis Lujan's experiment with sheep exposed to aluminium-containing vaccines is even more significant. Lujan outlined the "devastating consequences" of a compulsory multiple vaccine campaign against bluetongue in Spain in 2008 in which masses of animals died -- now recognized as the ovine version of ASIA.

His 2013 study to investigate the underlying causes of the epidemic found that only 0.5% of sheep inoculated with aluminum vaccines showed an acute reaction within the first two to six days, marked by an array of nervous signs including lethargy, transient blindness, stupor, prostration and seizures.

However, as following the lethal bluetongue vaccines, the delayed onset "chronic" phase of the disease varied widely, manifesting in 50-70% of flocks and sometimes affecting nearly 100% of animals within a given flock. The reaction was frequently triggered by exposure to cold and began with abnormal behaviour, restlessness and compulsive wool-biting, then progressed to acute redness of the skin, generalized weakness, weight loss and muscle tremors, and finally, entered the terminal phase where the animals went down on their front quarters and could not get up. They became unresponsive, comatose and eventually died. Post-mortem examinations revealed "severe neuron necrosis" and aluminum in the nerve tissue.

"We are supposed to balance the benefits of vaccines against the adverse events," said Lujan. "What is sold is [the message] that vaccines have only beneficial effects, and the rest is forgotten or ignored, or nobody wants to hear about it."

Certainly there are many people who don't want to hear about the latest research linking vaccines to incurable and debilitating diseases. The enormity of the implications of ASIA and the toxicity of the aluminum adjuvant in current use throughout the world seems not yet to have penetrated medical consciousness.

Public health policy was barely mentioned, though it was noted that new and more vaccines are continuing to be added to pediatric schedules without taking account of the toxic load of aluminum. And just what is a tolerable dose of a neurotoxin in a healthy newborn's vaccine?

There is an unaddressed issue of a staggering lack of informed consent. How many parents, for example, considering the distant risk of a hepatitis-B infection in their healthy newborn infant, versus the risk of their child developing perhaps multiple irreversible and poorly understood neuroimmunological diseases, would choose the shot?

"First do no harm," expressed an apparently frustrated scientist linked to the US FDA. "When we know something is a toxin, it should not be given to people, particularly healthy people. We have heard enough evidence today that it is a toxin. We can debate it, but based on my experience it is not even a good adjuvant."

No one even mentioned challenging pharmaceutical giants and demanding aluminum's retraction from vaccine manufacture, though such scientists at the ICA are perhaps the best candidates to do so.

ASIA victims are still in a system that is wholly ignorant of the adjuvant problem. Their symptoms, even if they occur immediately in the wake of vaccination, are unrecognized by physicians who have been steeped in a century of vaccine dogma. They are shuttled from one specialist to another and frequently wind up treated by psychiatrists.

Sarah Jensen, a board member of the Vaccination Forum of Denmark intends to send the ASIA registry details of about 200 cases from Denmark, collected from families of girls, mostly aged 14 to 25, who have experienced severe health complications following injection with the Gardasil vaccine against cervical cancer. But Jensen supposes that most of Gardasil's victims -- like those who say vaccine damage is a myth – have never heard of the syndrome.

While many doctors and researchers at the IAC see the problem as simply one of replacing aluminum with something "safer," there are more fundamental questions provoked by the study of ASIA. Aluminum's toxicity was previously underestimated and denied for nearly a century, so what of other ingredients like the viral DNA contaminants (discussed at the congress), and the infectious agents themselves? What if the whole vaccine model is just the hubris of a failing one-drug-one-effect paradigm that has vastly underestimated the spectacular complexity of the human immune system?

Most of Lujan's sheep showed no acute phase of immediate post-vaccine trauma. How long is this latency in humans? Lujan's sheep suffered from an apparent dose-dependent aluminum toxicity. What if even a single aluminum injection sets the immune system up for a fall into neurological or immunological disease that is triggered years, perhaps decades, later? In that case, ASIA is the tip of a very big iceberg.



spacer.gif
 

NK17

Senior Member
Messages
592
@Countrygirl I've been following Yehuda Shoenfeld line of work for a number of years now, and his unifying theory regarding all autoimmune disorders makes very much sense.

In light of all that has been recently unearthed through the clinical trials in Norway by Fluge and Mella and the possible autoimmune cascade involved in the development of ME I'm following Dr. Shoenfeld and Dr. Shaw even more closely.

As a longtime ME sufferer I think that a lot of what they say makes sense, but I'm always on the defense when the concept of autoimmunity is linked to vaccines. As @A.B. has rightly said, the subject is a highly slippery one.

It's very possible that vaccines per se are not the real culprit but adjuvants such as aluminum are.

As a personal note I can say that if there's one thing I regret is to have reluctantly "accepted" the Hep B vaccine to be administered at just a few months old to my child; back then the talk was only about the mercury/thimerosal which by that time had been removed from the market (at least here in the US).

I think that PWME have to be extra careful about many sources such as specific vaccines to potentially trigger autoimmunity.

A highly regarded ME doctor has told me that such is the case with the hepatitis B and HPV vaccines; he specifically said to stay away from those.

What might be sold as a benefit for the greatest good might not be of benefit for a large portion of the population and if we read the most recent epidemiological reports, autoimmune diseases are becoming the primary type of health issues around the world.

There might be a link between AI and the rampant administration of vaccines and I'd like to live long enough to see this clearly.

But then again there are many other important things that need to be seen clearly in the ME/CFS arena ...
 

Hip

Senior Member
Messages
18,142
Thanks for posting this @Countrygirl.

This I found very significant:
"The team found deposits of aluminum encapsulated in macrophages – large immune cells that engulf foreign particles -- in lymph nodes, spleen and brain tissue just four days after injection and lasting up to one year after a single shot."
Sounds like this might have the potential for causing untoward immunomodulatory effects.

The reason the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is included in vaccines is to stimulate the immune response, so that the immune system properly reacts to the killed or attenuated microbes placed in the vaccine. If you don't have an adjuvant, the vaccine may not "take", because the immune system does not fully respond, and so you don't get protection.

However, surprisingly, the actual mechanism by which aluminum hydroxide stimulates the immune response has only recently been discovered: it turns out that aluminum hydroxide raises levels of uric acid, which is an immuno-stimulant (uric acid acts as a danger signal in the body, and the immune system goes into action when it sees uric acid).

So if it is only uric acid that is required to suitably stimulate the immune system, I wonder if it would be possible to use the supplement inosine instead, which is known to raise uric acid, say taken orally a few hours or days before the vaccine injection? Then you might not need to put adjuvants into the vaccine. As well as inosine, chlorella and inositol also raise uric acid. I wonder if you might be able to give one or more of these supplements orally before the vaccination, in order to raise uric acid, so that the vaccine "takes".

Such supplements would not deposit themselves in macrophages, as aluminum appears to do
 
Last edited:

natasa778

Senior Member
Messages
1,774
@Countrygirl I've been following Yehuda Shoenfeld line of work for a number of years now, and his unifying theory regarding all autoimmune disorders makes very much sense.

In light of all that has been recently unearthed through the clinical trials in Norway by Fluge and Mella and the possible autoimmune cascade involved in the development of ME I'm following Dr. Shoenfeld and Dr. Shaw even more closely.

As a longtime ME sufferer I think that a lot of what they say makes sense, but I'm always on the defense when the concept of autoimmunity is linked to vaccines. As @A.B. has rightly said, the subject is a highly slippery one.

It's very possible that vaccines per se are not the real culprit but adjuvants such as aluminum are.

..

Narcolepsy is an example of autoimmune disease that is triggered by a viral component of the flu vaccine. There was a thread on this few months ago...
 

Hip

Senior Member
Messages
18,142
Narcolepsy is an example of autoimmune disease that is triggered by a viral component of the flu vaccine. There was a thread on this few months ago...

I couldn't find any cases of individuals who developed narcolepsy as a result of just catching regular influenza virus and coming down with the flu; so if we assume that narcolepsy may occasionally arise from the influenza vaccine, but not from catching influenza virus in the wild, then this perhaps suggests that the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant may also play a role in precipitating narcolepsy, in combination with the viral component of the vaccine.

The aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, as well as boosting uric acid levels (and being deposited in macrophages for up to a year, as mentioned above), also ramps up the Th2 immune response more than the Th1 response. So conceivably, it could be this immunomodulatory action of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant that is also a factor in triggering narcolepsy.

Interestingly, researchers want to find a new adjuvant that stimulates the Th1 response. Such an adjuvant would be more appropriate for use in viral vaccines, as of course Th1 is the immune response you need for viruses. Aluminum hydroxide boosts Th2 more than Th1, so this is more appropriate for use in bacterial vaccines.
 

natasa778

Senior Member
Messages
1,774
Yes it could be the case, but also the absence of (reported and documented) narcolepsy cases following wild flu virus could be to do with route of delivery - by administering vaccine straight into bloodstream the normal/usual immune responses are bypassed.

Having said that there are some scattered reports of narcolepsy associated with infections, including bacterial ones
 

A.B.

Senior Member
Messages
3,780
I suspect that the adjuvants are responsible for problems. They are the same class of substances used to induce autoimmunity in animal experiments. The assumption is that they are safe at lower doses, but this isn't always correct as work by Shoenfeld and others is showing. That some people react much more sensibly to certain substance than the average person is hardly a new concept.
 

Hip

Senior Member
Messages
18,142
Yes it could be the case, but also the absence of (reported and documented) narcolepsy cases following wild flu virus could be to do with route of delivery - by administering vaccine straight into bloodstream the normal/usual immune responses are bypassed.

That is a really good point. I never thought about that before, or came across such a suggestion. Very interesting.

It makes a lot of sense, since most viruses in circulation enter the body via the respiratory or gastrointestinal route, where they first encounter the mucous membranes and the epithelial barrier. I imagine that the immune responses within the mucous membranes and the epithelial barrier may do a good job of containing the viral infection for some hours, or even days, before the virus is able to break through into the body. This initial containment of the virus may conceivably give the immune system enough time to put the whole body on full alert, so that the body is then prepared for the virus, when that infection does finally penetrate deeper into the body.

However, if you inject the virus directly into the bloodstream, you may bypass any such preparation.

Perhaps vaccines might advantageously be developed for sublingual administration, ie, onto the mucous membranes and the epithelial barrier in the mouth. I just found this 2011 paper, which says:
The sublingual route has been used for many years to deliver drugs and small molecules to the bloodstream. Surprisingly, the potential of this route for delivering vaccines has received very little if any attention until recently. During the past few years, a number of laboratories have documented the efficacy of sublingual immunization for inducing a broad range of immune responses in different experimental animal systems using a variety of antigens, including soluble proteins, inert particulate antigens (killed viruses, virus-like particles, bacterial extracts) as well as live-attenuated viruses. In most cases, systemic and mucosal immune responses, including humoral and cytotoxic T-cell responses were induced in both mucosal and extra-mucosal tissues.
 

NK17

Senior Member
Messages
592
I suspect that the adjuvants are responsible for problems. They are the same class of substances used to induce autoimmunity in animal experiments. The assumption is that they are safe at lower doses, but this isn't always correct as work by Shoenfeld and others is showing. That some people react much more sensibly to certain substance than the average person is hardly a new concept.
Absolutely spot on @A.B.!

PWME/CFS might in fact hyper react to the adjuvant and the dose that is reputed as "safe"for a human being might have nothing to do, proportionally wise, with the dose given to lab animals in order to provoke an autoimmune reaction.

Also human beings live in the real world and are constantly encountering pathogens and interacting with their environments, unlike lab rats or mice.

Not to think and take into serious considerations the different variables is very ignorant and reductionistic on the part of the so called researchers.
 

NK17

Senior Member
Messages
592
Did he say why these ones specifically?
I'm pretty sure I had a Hep B one not long before I got ill.
He didn't articulate specifically, but said something about the immunogenicity of those two specific vaccines, particularly for the Hep B.

He added that he is personally waiting to give those two to his kids.

When we talked about the HPV vaccine, he agreed with me that in light of its more recent introduction on the market and several reports of severe reactions, a wait and see approach coupled with good sexual education (=protection,protection,protection) and regular (ideally free) pap smear check ups would be the best choice. Even more so in a case of a young person with suspected ME/CFS or with a family history of it and/or other autoimmune diseases.

I personally think that we wouldn't need to introduce the HPV vaccine in the already cramped vaccine schedule for young females (by the way young boys can get inoculated too, but I'm afraid that most aren't even informed by their pediatricians and/or parents) if we were a bit more open minded and relaxed and if there was some real communication going on between patients, doctors, parents, kids and the whole society ;).

On top of it the HPV vaccine is active against only two strains of carcinogenic Human Papilloma Viruses and there are studies that have found a clear causal link and interactions between cervical cancers HPV and HHV6.
 
Last edited:

NK17

Senior Member
Messages
592
Yes it could be the case, but also the absence of (reported and documented) narcolepsy cases following wild flu virus could be to do with route of delivery - by administering vaccine straight into bloodstream the normal/usual immune responses are bypassed.

Having said that there are some scattered reports of narcolepsy associated with infections, including bacterial ones
I actually know a couple of people who developed a severe reaction, back in 2011, after getting the nasal flu vaccine.

The route of administration, if I remember well, dictates the type of vaccine: live virus vs. inactivated.

Live virus is possibly the most capable of triggering an hyper or wrong immune response.
 

NK17

Senior Member
Messages
592
That is a really good point. I never thought about that before, or came across such a suggestion. Very interesting.

It makes a lot of sense, since most viruses in circulation enter the body via the respiratory or gastrointestinal route, where they first encounter the mucous membranes and the epithelial barrier. I imagine that the immune responses within the mucous membranes and the epithelial barrier may do a good job of containing the viral infection for some hours, or even days, before the virus is able to break through into the body. This initial containment of the virus may conceivably give the immune system enough time to put the whole body on full alert, so that the body is then prepared for the virus, when that infection does finally penetrate deeper into the body.

However, if you inject the virus directly into the bloodstream, you may bypass any such preparation.

Perhaps vaccines might advantageously be developed for sublingual administration, ie, onto the mucous membranes and the epithelial barrier in the mouth. I just found this 2011 paper, which says:
May I remind you that many PWME, at least all the ones born until the late sixties, were vaccinated with the oral polio vaccine, the one that contained live virus and consequently could potentially cause a polio infection with all the dreadful consequences.

My mom always told me about the precautions she would have to take right after I was administered a dose of anti-polio vaccine, such as refrain me from putting my hands in my mouth. I still wonder how she succeeded in doing that, especially when I was a little tot and a chronic thumb sucker ;)!

Maybe she got so traumatized by being the one to find her sister's 4 months old boy completely limp in his cradle one morning and seeing him die a day later, due to polio (at the time,the vaccine was awaiting to be approved by the Italian Health Department).

This is to say that vaccines have been and still continue to be a great medical accomplishment, but we have to use caution with certain groups of the population and weight the possible risks against the benefits.
 
Last edited:

leela

Senior Member
Messages
3,290
Aluminum's toxicity was previously underestimated and denied for nearly a century, so what of other ingredients like the viral DNA contaminants (discussed at the congress), and the infectious agents themselves? What if the whole vaccine model is just the hubris of a failing one-drug-one-effect paradigm that has vastly underestimated the spectacular complexity of the human immune system?

I really hope this discussion can come out of the "fringe" and gain traction in the mainstream. The denial and cover-up has, and continues to be, disastrous.

I had no idea they had started giving *infants* hep B vaccine! In my day that was only offered if you were travelling to some remote country. Why on earth give that to a baby, who has pretty much NO chance of contracting it? That's insanity.
 

NK17

Senior Member
Messages
592
I really hope this discussion can come out of the "fringe" and gain traction in the mainstream. The denial and cover-up has, and continues to be, disastrous.

I had no idea they had started giving *infants* hep B vaccine! In my day that was only offered if you were travelling to some remote country. Why on earth give that to a baby, who has pretty much NO chance of contracting it? That's insanity.
Well at @leela that was exactly my point when I was told by my child pediatrician that at the tender age of two months she was going to get a Hep B vaccine!!!

It didn't help that I told her that she was far from being an at risk infant or toddler and that both parents were living a healthy and clean life and were both Hep B negative!

I think that she looked at me condescendingly and said that that was the regular vaccine schedule, leaving me feeling like a bad mother ...

I've to admit that I've learned to be a bit more proactive since then, but I wish I knew better.
 
Last edited:

Hip

Senior Member
Messages
18,142
Did he say why these ones specifically?
I'm pretty sure I had a Hep B one not long before I got ill.

Dr Charles Shepherd of the ME Association UK says that the vaccines most linked to triggering ME/CFS are tetanus, typhoid, influenza, and hepatitis B. More rarely he says hepatitis A (using immunoglobulin), polio, or rubella vaccine can trigger ME/CFS. Ref: here.
 

leela

Senior Member
Messages
3,290
I've read bad things (sorry, too early for reference-searching) about the batches of oral polio booster that were given in or near my generation. (I remember getting mine--small plastic squeeze-sacs of red liquid). It would make especial sense since ME has much in common with polio.
 

Hip

Senior Member
Messages
18,142
@leela
The sad thing about the development of the polio vaccine was that although researchers were aware of poliovirus as the causative agent of poliomyelitis, two other types of virus — Coxsackie virus and echovirus — that were identified during the polio vaccine research were not considered for inclusion in the polio vaccine, because these viruses did not routinely cause paralysis as poliovirus did.

Now of course we know that these two enterovirus, Coxsackie virus and echovirus, are strongly linked to ME/CFS.

If a vaccine has been developed for Coxsackie virus and echovirus too, this would have very likely prevented all cases of enterovirus-linked ME/CFS (which Dr Chia's data suggests causes the bulk of ME/CFS cases ).

It is still not to late to develop a Coxsackie virus and echovirus vaccine, and indeed, this vaccine really should be developed soon. Such a vaccine would protect millions of people from the life-destroying effects of enterovirus-associated ME/CFS. It would also protect millions from sudden unexpected death and heart attach, which are also strongly linked to these viruses.
 
Last edited:
Back