Hip
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With the recent studies showing energy metabolism abnormalities in ME/CFS, it is worth pointing out how certain mycotoxins have toxic and inhibitory effects on mitochondria:
In Dr Joseph Brewer's 2013 paper, he says:
Note: OTA = ochratoxin A
Dr Brewer's 2013 study found ochratoxin A in 83% of ME/CFS patients, and his current theory is that ME/CFS patients may harbor mold infections internally in the body (such as in the sinus cavities), constantly producing mycotoxins.
Note however the set of comments on the possible methodological flaws in Dr Brewer's study, a set of comments which is linked to at the top of his 2013 paper.
This 1974 paper also looks at the toxic effects of ochratoxin A on mitochondria and mitochondrial transport.
In Dr Joseph Brewer's 2013 paper, he says:
OTA is also a mitochondrial poison. Mitochondrial abnormalities resulting from OTA include membrane swelling, disarray of cristae, loss of transmembrane potential, inhibition of succinate cytochrome c reductase and succinate dehydrogenase and inhibition of succinate-supported electron transfer, and activities of the respiratory chain.
The toxicity of OTA appears to result from oxidative stress leading to nuclear DNA damage, cytotoxicity and apoptosis.
Note: OTA = ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A — a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius, and Penicillium verrucosum — is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is also a frequent contaminant of water-damaged houses and of heating ducts.
Source: Ochratoxin A - Wikipedia
Dr Brewer's 2013 study found ochratoxin A in 83% of ME/CFS patients, and his current theory is that ME/CFS patients may harbor mold infections internally in the body (such as in the sinus cavities), constantly producing mycotoxins.
Note however the set of comments on the possible methodological flaws in Dr Brewer's study, a set of comments which is linked to at the top of his 2013 paper.
This 1974 paper also looks at the toxic effects of ochratoxin A on mitochondria and mitochondrial transport.