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Opening Pandora's Bread Box: The Critical Role of Wheat Lectin in Human Disease

JPV

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Opening Pandora's Bread Box: The Critical Role of Wheat Lectin in Human Disease

by Sayer Ji

[Read the original article in this series: The Dark Side of Wheat]

Now that celiac disease has been allowed official entry into the pantheon of established medical conditions, and gluten intolerance is no longer entirely a fringe medical concept, the time has come to draw attention to the powerful little chemical in wheat known as 'wheat germ agglutinin' (WGA) which is largely responsible for many of wheat's pervasive, and difficult to diagnose, ill effects. Not only does WGA throw a monkey wrench into our assumptions about the primary causes of wheat intolerance, but due to the fact that WGA is found in highest concentrations in "whole wheat," including its supposedly superior sprouted form, it also pulls the rug out from under one of the health food industry's favorite poster children.

Below the radar of conventional serological testing for antibodies against the various gluten proteins and genetic testing for disease susceptibility, the WGA “lectin problem” remains almost entirely obscured. Lectins, though found in all grains, seeds, legumes, dairy and our beloved nightshades: the tomato and potato, are rarely discussed in connection with health or illness, even when their presence in our diet may greatly reduce both the quality and length of our lives.

Although significant progress has been made in exposing the dark side of wheat over the past decade, gluten receives a disproportionate share of the attention. Given that modern bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum) is a hexaploid species containing three distinct sets of chromosomes capable of producing well over 23,000 unique proteins, it is not surprising that we are only now beginning to unravel the complexities of this plant’s many secrets. [1] What is unique about the WGA glycoprotein is that it can do direct damage to the majority of tissues in the human body without requiring a specific set of genetic susceptibilities and/or immune-mediated articulations. This may explain why chronic inflammatory and degenerative conditions are endemic to wheat-consuming populations even when overt allergies or intolerances to wheat gluten appear exceedingly rare. The future fate of wheat consumption, and by implication our health, may depend largely on whether or not the toxic qualities of WGA come to light in the general population.

Nature engineers, within all species, a set of defenses against predation, though not all are as obvious as the thorns on a rose or the horns on a rhinoceros. Plants do not have the cell-mediated immunity of higher life forms, like ants, nor do they have the antibody driven, secondary immune systems of vertebrates with jaws. They must rely on a much simpler, innate immunity. It is for this reason that seeds of the grass family, e.g. rice, wheat, spelt, rye, have exceptionally high levels of defensive glycoproteins known as lectins. Cooking, sprouting, fermentation and digestion are the traditional ways in which man, for instance, deals with the various anti-nutrients found within this family of plants, but lectins are, by design, particularly resistant to degradation through a wide range of pH and temperatures.

WGA lectin is an exceptionally tough adversary as it is formed by the same disulfide bonds that make vulcanized rubber and human hair so strong, flexible and durable. Like man-made pesticides, lectins are extremely small, resistant to break-down by living systems, and tend to accumulate and become incorporated into tissues where they interfere with normal biological processes. Indeed, WGA lectin is so powerful as an insecticide that biotech firms have used recombinant DNA technology to create genetically modified WGA-enhanced plants. We can only hope that these virtually unregulated biotech companies, who are in the business of playing God with the genetic infrastructure of Life, will realize the potential harm to humans that such genetic modifications can cause.

Lectins are glycoproteins, and through thousands of years of selectively breeding wheat for increasingly larger quantities of protein, the concentration of WGA lectin has increased proportionately. This, no doubt, has contributed to wheat’s global dominance as one of the world’s favored monocultures, offering additional “built-in” pest resistance. The word lectin comes from the same etymological root as the word select, and literally means "to choose." Lectins are designed "to choose" specific carbohydrates that project off the surface of cells and upon which they attach. In the case of WGA the two glycoproteins it selects for, in order of greatest affinity, are N-Acetyl Glucosamine and N-Acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid).

WGA is Nature's ingenious solution for protecting the wheat plant from the entire gamut of its natural enemies. Fungi have cell walls composed of a polymer of N-Acetylglucosamine. The cellular walls of bacteria are made from a layered structure called the peptidoglycan, a biopolymer of N-Acetylglucosamine. N-acetylglucosamine is the basic unit of the biopolymer chitin, which forms the outer coverings of insects and crustaceans (shrimp, crab, etc.). All animals, including worms, fish, birds and humans, use N-Acetyglucosamine as a foundational substance for building the various tissues in their bodies, including the bones. The production of cartilage, tendons, and joints depend on the structural integrity of N-Acetylglucosamine. The mucous known as the glycocalyx, or literally, “sugar coat” is secreted in humans by the epithelial cells which line all the mucous membranes, from nasal cavities to the top to the bottom of the alimentary tube, as well as the protective and slippery lining of our blood vessels. The glycocalyx is composed largely of N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylneuraminic acid (also known as sialic acid), with carbohydrate end of N-Acetylneuraminic acid of this protective glycoprotein forming the terminal sugar that is exposed to the contents of both the gut and the arterial lumen (opening). WGA's unique binding specificity to these exact two glycoproteins is not accidental. Nature has designed WGA perfectly to attach to, disrupt, and gain entry through these mucosal surfaces.

It may strike some readers as highly suspect that wheat - the “staff of life” - which has garnered a reputation for “wholesome goodness” the world over, could contain a powerful health-disrupting anti-nutrient, which is only now coming to public attention. WGA has been overshadowed by the other proteins in wheat. Humans – not Nature – have spent thousands of years cultivating and selecting for larger and larger quantities of these proteins. These pharmacologically active, opiate-like proteins in gluten are known as gluten exorphins (A5, B4, B5, C) and gliadorphins. They may effectively anesthetize us, in the short term, to the long term, adverse effects of WGA. Gluten also contains exceptionally high levels of the excitotoxic l-aspartic and l-glutamic amino acids, which can also be highly addictive, not unlike their synthetic shadow molecules aspartame and monosodium glutamate.1In a previous article on the topic,The Dark Side of Wheat: New Perspectives on Celiac Disease and Wheat Intolerance[2], we explored the role that these psychotropic qualities in grains played in ushering in civilization at the advent of the Neolithic transition 10,000 BC. No doubt the narcotic properties of wheat are the primary reason why suspicions about its toxicity have remained merely speculation for thousands upon thousands of years.

WGA is most concentrated in the seed of the wheat plant, likely due to the fact that the seeds are the “babies” of these plants and are invested with the entire hope for continuance of their species. Protecting the seed against predation is necessarily a first priority.WGA is an exceedingly small glycoprotein (36 kilodaltons) and is concentrated deep within the embryo of the wheat berry (approximately 1 microgram per grain). WGA migrates during germination to the roots and tips of leaves, as the developing plant begins to project itself into the world and outside the safety of its seed. In its quest for nourishment from the soil, its roots are challenged with fungi and bacteria that seek to invade the plant. In its quest for sunlight and other nourishment from the heavens the plant’s leaves become prey to insects, birds, mammals, etc. Even after the plant has developed beyond the germination and sprouting stages it contains almost 50% of the levels of lectin found in the dry seeds. Approximately one third of this WGA is in the roots and two thirds is in the shoot, for at least 34 days [3]

Each grain contains about 1 microgram of WGA. That seems hardly enough to do any harm to animals our size. Lectins, however, are notoriously dangerous even in minute doses and can be fatal when inhaled or injected directly into the bloodstream. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control it takes only 500 micrograms (about half a grain of sand) of ricin (a lectin extracted from castor bean casings) to kill a human. A single, one ounce slice of wheat bread contains approximately 500 micrograms of WGA, which if it were refined to its pure form and injected directly into the blood, could, in theory, have platelet aggregating and erythrocyte agglutinizing effects strong enough to create an obstructive clot such as occurs in myocardial infarction and stroke. This, however, is not a likely route of exposure and in reality the immediate pathologies associated with lectins like ricin and WGA are largely restricted to the gastrointestinal tract where they cause mucosal injuries. The point is that WGA, even in small quantities, could have profoundly adverse effects, given suitable conditions. Ironically, WGA is exceptionally small, at 36 kilodaltons (approximately the mass of 36,000 hydrogen atoms) and it can pass through the cell membranes of the intestine with ease. The intestines will allow passage of molecules up to 1,000 kilodaltons in size. Moreover, one wheat kernel contains 16.7 trillion individual molecules of WGA, with each molecule of WGA having four N-Acetylglucosamine binding sites. The disruptive and damaging effects of whole wheat bread consumption are formidable in someone whose protective mucosal barrier has been compromised by something as simple as Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) use, or a recent viral or bacterial infection. The common consumption of both wheat and NSAIDs may suggest the frequency of the WGA vicious cycle. Anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen and aspirin, increase intestinal permeabilty and may cause absorption of even larger than normal quantities of pro-inflammatory WGA. Conversely, the inflammation caused by the absorption of WGA lectin is the very reason there is a great need for the inflammation-reducing effects of NSAIDs.

One way to gauge just how pervasive the adverse effects of WGA are among wheat-consuming populations is the popularity of the dietary supplement glucosamine.In the USA, a quarterbillion dollars’ worthof the glucosamine is sold annually.The main source of glucosamine on the market is from the N-Acetylglucosamine rich chitin exoskelotons of crustaceans, like shrimp and crab. Glucosamine is used for reducing pain and inflammation. We do not have a dietary deficiency of the pulverized shells of dead sea critters, just as our use of NSAIDs is not caused by a deficiency of these synthetic chemicals in our diet. When we consume glucosamine supplements, the WGA, instead of binding to our tissues, binds to the pulverized chitin in the glucosamine supplements, sparing us from the full impact of WGA. Many millions of Americans who have greatly reduced their pain and suffering by ingesting glucosamine and NSAIDs may be better served by removing wheat, the underlying cause of their malaise, from their diets. This would result in even greater relief from pain and inflammation along with far less dependency on palliative supplements and medicines alike.

To further underscore this point, the following are several ways that WGA depletes our health while glucosamine works against it:

WGA may be Pro-inflammatory

At exceedingly small concentrations (nanomolar) WGA stimulates the synthesis of pro-inflammatory chemical messengers (cytokines) includingInterleukin 1, Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 8 in intestinal and immune cells.[4] WGA has been shown to induce NADPH-Oxidase in human neutrophils associated with the “respiratory burst” that results in the release of inflammatory free radicals called reactive oxygen species[5] WGA has been shown to play a causative role in patients with chronic thin gut inflammation.[6]

WGA may be Immunotoxic

WGA induces thymus atrophy in rats[7] and may directly bind to, and activate, leukocytes [8]. Anti-WGA antibodies in human sera have been shown to cross-react with other proteins, indicating that they may contribute to autoimmunity [9]. Indeed, WGA appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD) that is entirely distinct from that of gluten, due to significantly higher levels of IgG and IgA antibodies against WGA found in patients with CD, when compared with patients with other intestinal disorders. These antibodies have also shown not to cross-react with gluten antigens[10] [11]

WGA may be Neurotoxic

WGA can pass through the blood brain barrier (BBB) through a process called "adsorptive endocytosis"[12] and is able to travel freely among the tissues of the brain which is why it is used as a marker for tracing neural circuits[13]. WGA’s ability to pass through the BBB, pulling bound substances with it, has piqued the interest of pharmaceutical developers who are looking to find ways of delivering drugs to the brain. WGA has a unique binding affinity for N-Acetylneuraminic acid, a crucial component of neuronal membranes found in the brain, such as gangliosides which have diverse roles such as cell-to-cell contact, ion conductance, as receptors, and whose dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. WGA may attach to the protective coating on the nerves known as the myelin sheath[14] and is capable of inhibiting nerve growth factor [15] which is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons. WGA binds to N-Acetylglucosamine which is believed to function as an atypical neurotransmitter functioning in nocioceptive (pain) pathways.

WGA may be Cytotoxic

WGA has been demonstrated to be cytotoxic to both normal and cancerous cell lines, capable of inducing either cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death (apoptosis).[16]

WGA may interfere with Gene Expression

WGA demonstrates both mitogenic and anti-mitogenic[17] activities. WGA may prevent DNA replication[18] WGA binds to polysialic acid (involved in posttranslational modifications) and blocks chick tail bud development in embryogenesis, indicating that it may influence both genetic and epigenetic factors.

WGA may disrupt Endocrine Function

WGA has also been shown to have an insulin-mimetic action, potentially contributing to weight gain and insulin resistance [19]. WGA has been implicated in obesity and “leptin resistance” by blocking the receptor in the hypothalamus for the appetite satiating hormone leptin. WGA stimulates epidermal growth factor which when upregulated is associated with increased risk of cancer. WGA has a particular affinity for thyroid tissue and has been shown to bind to both benign and malignant thyroid nodules[20] WGA interferes with the production of secretin from the pancreas, which can interfere with digestion and can cause pancreatic hypertrophy. WGA attaches to sperm and ovary cells, indicating it may adversely influence fertility.

WGA may be Cardiotoxic

WGA induces platelet activation and aggregration [21]. WGA has a potent, disruptive effect on platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, which plays a key role in tissue regeneration and safely removing neutrophils from our blood vessels.[22]

WGA may adversely effect Gastrointestinal Function

WGA causes increased shedding of the intestinal brush border membrane, reduction in surface area, acceleration of cell losses and shortening of villi, via binding to the surface of the villi. WGA can mimic the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) at the cellular level, indicating that the crypt hyperplasia seen in celiac disease may be due to the growth-promoting effects of WGA. WGA causes cytoskeleton degradation in intestinal cells, contributing to cell death and increased turnover. WGA decreases levels of heat shock proteins in gut epithelial cells leaving these cells less well protected against the potentially harmful content of the gut lumen.[23]

WGA may share pathogenic similarities with certain Viruses

There are a number of interesting similarities between WGA lectin and viruses.Both viral particles and WGA lectin are several orders of magnitudesmaller than the cells they enter, and subsequent to their attachment to the cell membrane, are taken into the cell through a process of endocytosis.Both influenza and WGA gain entry through the sialic acid coatings of our mucous membranes (glycocalyx) each with a sialic acid specific substance, the neuriminidase enzyme for viruses andthesialic acid binding sites on theWGA lectin.Once the influenza virus and WGAlectin have made their way into wider circulation in the host bodythey are both capable of blurring the line in the host between self-and non-self.Influenza accomplishes this by incorporating itself into the genetic material of our cells and taking over the protein production machinery to make copies of itself, with the result that our immune system must attack its own virally transformed cell, in order to clear the infection.Studies done with herpessimplexvirus have shown that WGA has the capacity to blockviral infectivity through competitively binding to thesame cell surface receptors, indicating that they may effect cells through very similar pathways.WGA has the capability of influencing the gene expression of certain cells, e.g. mitogenic/anti-mitogenic action,and like other lectinsassociated with autoimmunity, e.g. soy lectin,and viruses like Epstein-Barr Virus,WGA may be capable of causing certain cells to exhibit class 2 human leukocyte antigens (HLA-II), which mark them for autoimmune destruction by white blood cells.Since human antibodies to WGA have been shown to cross react with other proteins, even if WGA does not directly transform the phenotype of our cells into "other," the resulting cross-reactivity of antibodies to WGA with our own cells would result in autoimmunity nonetheless.

Given the multitude of ways in which WGA may disrupt our health, gain easy entry through our intestine into systemic circulation, and remain refractory to traditional antibody-based clinical diagnoses, it is altogether possible that the consumption of wheat is detracting from the general health of thewheat-consumingworld and that we have been, for all these years, "digging ourgraves withour teeth."This perspective may come as a greatsurprisetothe health food industry whoseparticular love affair for whole wheatproductshasbegun to gomass market. The increasingly hyped-up marketing of"whole wheat," "sprouted grain," and "wheat germ" enriched products, all of which may have considerably higher levels of WGA than their processed, fractionized, non-germinatedandsupposedly "less healthy" equivalents,may contribute to making usall significantlyless healthy.

It is my belief that a careful study of thewheat plantwill revealthat, despite claims to the contrary, man does not have dominion over nature. All that he deems fit for his consumption may not be his inborn right. Though the wheat plant’s apparently defenseless disposition would seem to make it suitable for mass human consumption, it has been imbuedwith a multitude of invisible“thorns,” withWGA being its smallest and perhapsmost potent defense against predation. While WGA may be an uninvited guest at our table, wheat is equally inhospitable to us. Perhaps the courteous thing to do, having realized our mistaken intrusion, is tolick our wounds and simply go our separate ways. Perhaps as the distance between man and his infatuation with wheat grows, he will grow closer to himself and will discover far more suitable forms of nourishment that Nature has not impregnated with such high levels of addictive and potentially debilitating proteins.
 

Frank

Senior Member
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Europe
These pharmacologically active, opiate-like proteins in gluten are known as gluten exorphins (A5, B4, B5, C) and gliadorphins. They may effectively anesthetize us, in the short term, to the long term, adverse effects of WGA. These are studied in autism as well..
 

girlinthesnow

Senior Member
Messages
273
Thank you JPV for posting this fascinating thread, the best summary of the effects of wheat I've read anywhere. Do lectins in other foods have similar effects?
 

HopingSince88

Senior Member
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335
Location
Maine
I read the main article and it really struck home for me. I have an Ig(g) to gliadin. My daughter Ig(A) endomesial. I am most definitely addicted to wheat, I crave it, and am 'relieved' when I get my 'fix.'

I have gone through periods when I was off wheat for years, but have fallen off the wagon.

Interestingly, my granfather and two of his daughters (my aunts) all died of intestinal cancer.

I get scoped every 5 years. No villi damage yet. But as this article states, the damage goes on undercover.
 

IntuneJune

Senior Member
Messages
562
Location
NorthEastern USA
From the first article: "The Dark Side of Wheat......"

"If we view celiac disease not as an unhealthy response to a healthy food, but as a healthy response to an unhealthy food, classical CD symptoms like diarrhea may make more sense. Diarrhea can be the body’s way to reduce the duration of exposure to a toxin or pathogen, and villous atrophy can be the body’s way of preventing the absorption and hence, the systemic effects of chronic exposure to wheat."

I LOVE this!!!! LOVE, LOVE, LOVE IT!!!!!!!

Sayerji, am I to assume you are the author of these articles?

My "notebook" computer is not hooked up to a printer, so will print these later, and I find it hard to read through articles on a computer screen, but was able to glean some information..... but it is a NEW WAY of looking at this that is so exciting WOW.

How did this come about? What started you on this path?

I have more questions, maybe after I read the printed articles, but that might not even be today.......

Please fill us in......

June
 

Chris

Senior Member
Messages
845
Location
Victoria, BC
Hi, JPV--many thanks for all this info. How safe are we still eating oats and rye? And are those yummy potatoes, peppers, and tomatoes more or less OK, or should we really cut them out too? Any good info? We have to eat something--and the recent evidence that humans have been cultivating legumes and grains for much longer than was previously thought (current estimates put it at about 70,000-80,000 years, I believe) make one hope that maybe by now we have established some useful weapons against these aggressively defensive plants! Best, Chris
 

Cort

Phoenix Rising Founder
Cutting out corn really helped reduce muscle pains for me. Cutting out wheat helped with gut symptoms and knee pain. I'm off all grains right now...its a help for me - not nearly a cure - but certainly a help for a few troubling symptoms
 

girlinthesnow

Senior Member
Messages
273
JPV,

This thread has turned things around me, I can't thank you enough for posting it.

I have been on a entirely lectin free diet for the past 10 days since you posted this and am beginning to feel well. I had cut out all lectins: grains, dairy, nightshade plants, soy and seeds and was still feeling awful and then forgot to take my mega supplements and realized I felt better, much much better.

The muscle pain and spasms initially worsened and then eased off, headaches the same and the dizzy sick feelings. My brain fog has not yet improved but I imagine it will take much longer to clear the toxins out of my brain.

I don't know why I reacted so badly to all the supplements I was taking but for now I am on a very simple diet of vegetables, meat from grass fed animals, eggs, berries, a few nuts, water and herbal tea.

I'm planning to continue on this regime for the next 3 months, perhaps indefinitely, it really isn't too hard to do. I feel hopeful for the first time in years.

Thank you
:hug:

Michelle
 

IntuneJune

Senior Member
Messages
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Location
NorthEastern USA
girlinthesnow,

Wonderful news. Keep us in touch with your progress. I hope to have the resolve you do, I miss gluten was diagnosed two years ago with celiac. So this is more restrictive, potatoes.... oh no! I am hoping my husband can get on board with this too. It would be nice not to have the stuff in the house.

Were you at a good weight before you started eliminating the lectins, did you notice a difference in your weight or how your clothes fit. My arms and legs feel as though they are carrying extra fluid, the doctor says I do not have a fluid problem that needs to be adressed with diuretics. But my ankles hurt and the entire legs really and arms, and the circumferences are more than should be. I am on 1200-1300 calories and nothing comes off.

Just wondering if this approach to eating would help... I am reading the Paleo Diet now which explains a lot. It is very interesting.

June
 

JPV

ɹǝqɯǝɯ ɹoıuǝs
Messages
858
JPV,

This thread has turned things around me, I can't thank you enough for posting it.

I have been on a entirely lectin free diet for the past 10 days since you posted this and am beginning to feel well. I had cut out all lectins: grains, dairy, nightshade plants, soy and seeds and was still feeling awful and then forgot to take my mega supplements and realized I felt better, much much better.

I am so glad to hear this. Have you thought of trying Freddd's B12 program? This seems to have helped me with my bran fog.
 

girlinthesnow

Senior Member
Messages
273
Hi June,

Yes, missing gluten is an ongoing problem, there is nothing as comforting as toast!

My family continues to eat as most people do so I can't have a lectin free kitchen. I've partially solved the problem of cross-contamination by having a drawer that is full of my foods and one shelf in the frig, also a piece of countertop reserved for my food prep. I also run all the pots through the dishwasher so no residue of rice or potato remains from cooking.

It's still early days, not quite 2 weeks, but I have lost 5 lbs and am trying to get off the electrolyte drinks that my doctor suggested I drink to increase my blood pressure.

The weight fluctuations seem tied to blood sugar levels so the sooner I can drop the sugary drinks the better. I feel best when most of my carbohydrate intake is from vegetable, rather than fruit or glucose sources but am still really short of energy.

This is the least painful thing I've done to try to get well, it's well worth giving it a go.

Incidentally, on an internet search I noticed one company selling a supplement to deactivate lectins, to take at every meal. I have no idea if it would work or even if it is a plausible idea,has anyone else seen this?
 

IntuneJune

Senior Member
Messages
562
Location
NorthEastern USA
Hi June,

Yes, missing gluten is an ongoing problem, there is nothing as comforting as toast!

My family continues to eat as most people do so I can't have a lectin free kitchen. I've partially solved the problem of cross-contamination by having a drawer that is full of my foods and one shelf in the frig, also a piece of countertop reserved for my food prep. I also run all the pots through the dishwasher so no residue of rice or potato remains from cooking.

It's still early days, not quite 2 weeks, but I have lost 5 lbs and am trying to get off the electrolyte drinks that my doctor suggested I drink to increase my blood pressure.

The weight fluctuations seem tied to blood sugar levels so the sooner I can drop the sugary drinks the better. I feel best when most of my carbohydrate intake is from vegetable, rather than fruit or glucose sources but am still really short of energy.

This is the least painful thing I've done to try to get well, it's well worth giving it a go.

Incidentally, on an internet search I noticed one company selling a supplement to deactivate lectins, to take at every meal. I have no idea if it would work or even if it is a plausible idea,has anyone else seen this?

In reading the theory behind the Paleo way -- I dislike calling it a diet -- if you "buy into" the reasoning and theory, it would seem this is the way we should be eating. So not to would seem counter-intuitive. If I change my thinking and go along with paleo eating, then to eat the wrong starches and take a pill to counter act what I did .... well .... seems as though I would be wasting money on the pills and really creating havoc in my body.

I hesitate to take anything in a pill form, not good at doing that.

WOW five pounds....... OK I am jealous. :tear:

June
 

girlinthesnow

Senior Member
Messages
273
Weight comes and goes, flabbiness lives on..... yuck. Yup, I dream about exercise..... and being fit.

I think you're right about doing this, all or not at all is the way to go, no more chocolate Easter bunnies:tongue::(

Yes, if this really is how we are supposed to eat then it isn't a diet at all, just a normal way of being. I finally worked out that feeling deprived is really counter-productive:rolleyes:, better to feel that I am doing something simple that is good for me, after a few days, I start to get that elusive sense of well-being. Fleeting but it makes me continue. The body does its own version of CBT:worried: :D

I haven't ordered the lectin freeze product, have stopped all supps, rather than my usual scattergun try everything approach I am just doing this at the moment. Keeping it simple.

I've started a recipe list, thinking about a Paleo blog on here. It's easy to keep eating the same three things but not a good long term strategy.