G
Gerwyn
Guest
The following comes from a paper examining the neurotoxicity of XMRV class viruses
T
These infect mice and a few other species
These are the mouse specific ones
Immunol Res (2009) 43:149–159
Innate immunity in the pathogenesis of polytropic
retrovirus infection in the central nervous system
Karin E. Peterson Min Du
Published
This is the same family as XMRVPolytropic murine retroviruses are members of murine
leukemia viruses (MuLVs), a subfamily of the gamma retroviruses.
T
he MuLV family can
be further divided depending on the type of cellular receptor utilized by the virus, which
also aVects the host range of the virus. For example, ecotropic retroviruses, which primarily
infect mouse cells, utilize the cationic amino acid transporter (solute carrier family 7 member
1, SLC7A1) protein as a receptor.
Amphotropic retroviruses, which infect a broad range of
species, utilize the phosphate transporter solute carrier family 20 member 2 (SLC20A2)
protein as a receptor.
These infect mice and a few other species
This is the XPRI receptor that cells must express before xmrv can infect a hostPolytropic as well as xenotropic retroviruses infect cells through the
xenotropic/polytropic receptor 1 (XPR1), a member of the G-protein coupled receptor
protein signaling pathway family [30, 31].
The XMRV1 receptors have a different shape in some mammalian species compared to others.IXMRV will infect some mammals more readily than others>in some a small initiall exposure will lead to significant infection and in others it will take a much larger exposure or direct blood contact for example.Polymorphisms in XPR1 between mammalian
species mediate the host range of xenotropic and polytropic viruses [32, 33].
DiVerences between the subfamilies of MuLVs are also observed with virus infection
and pathogenesis of the CNS.
Ecotropic retroviruses can induce either intracerebral hemorrhages
or widespread spongiform degeneration depending on determinants in the ecotropic
envelope protein [34–38].
These are the mouse specific ones
TIn contrast, the brain pathology following infection with neurovirulent
polytropic retroviruses is more limited and primarily consists of reactive astrogliosis,
white matter microglial infection with microgliosis and microglial nodules [28, 29].
This what a polytropic Mulv can dohere
is only minimal vacuolation and only occasional neuronal death. In this regard, polytropic
retrovirus infection of the CNS has some similarities with HIV-encephalopathy.
This is very similar to the "birth" of XMRV which is polytropic in its host range of infectionPolytopic viruses arise from an endogenous ecotropic virus, recombining
with two or more non-ecotropic endogenous viral sequences (48 , 101 , 133). Each class of
endogenous retrovirus utilizes a different receptor to infect cells (Table 1).
Immunol Res (2009) 43:149–159
Innate immunity in the pathogenesis of polytropic
retrovirus infection in the central nervous system
Karin E. Peterson Min Du
Published