We show that male and female hormones differentially regulate the expression of a novel autism candidate gene, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-alpha (RORA) in a neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y. In addition,
we demonstrate that the gene RORA transcriptionally regulates aromatase, an enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen. We further show that aromatase protein is significantly reduced in the frontal cortex of autistic subjects relative to sex- and age-matched controls, and is strongly correlated with RORA protein levels in the brain. The level of RORA expression can be regulated by both male and female hormones through their respective receptors, and that
one of its transcriptional targets is CYP19A1 (aromatase), an Cytochrome CYP450 enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to estrogen https://autismodiario.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/journal.pone_.0017116.pdf
There were also significant increases in the mRNA levels of CD38 and RORA after vitamin A supplementation. Significant differences were also observed in the gut bacteria after vitamin A supplementation.
https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/vitamin-supplements-autism-symptoms-children/ Note that zinc plays a role in Vitamin A metabolism and vice versa as I've covered before in other threads I believe.
A subset of cytochrome P450 enzymes play important roles in the synthesis of steroid hormones (steroidogenesis) by the adrenals, gonads, and peripheral tissue.
Cyp450 aromatase (CYP19A1) is the enzyme responsible for the irreversible androgen to estrogen conversion and crucial for sex steroid hormone synthesis. (The enzyme aromatase is responsible for the synthesis of estrogen).
The expression of both CD38 and RORA (retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha) genes is reduced in autism spectrum disorders. Plasma retinoic acid levels increased significantly after vitamin A supplementation. The nuclear receptor RORα exerts a bi-directional regulation of IL-6 in resting and reactive astrocytes. Astrocytes and one of their products, IL-6, not only support neurons but also mediate inflammation in the brain. Retinoid-related orphan receptor-α (RORα) transcription factor has related roles, being neuro-protective and, in peripheral tissues, anti-inflammatory. We examined the relation of RORα to astrocytes and IL-6 using normal and RORα loss-of-function mutant mice. We have shown RORα expression in astrocytes and its up-regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. We have also demonstrated that RORα directly trans-activates the Il-6 gene. We suggest that this direct control is necessary to maintain IL-6 basal level in the brain and may be a link between the neuro-supportive roles of RORα, IL-6, and astrocytes. Furthermore, after inflammatory stimulation, the absence of RORα results in excessive IL-6 up-regulation, indicating that RORα exerts an indirect repression probably via the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling. Thus, our findings indicate that RORα is a pluripotent molecular player in constitutive and adaptive astrocyte physiology." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795519/pdf/zpq21365.pdf