According to our results, dark chocolate appears to increase both epidermal corneocyte desquamation and Gram-positive microorganism presence on the surface of the facial skin (
Figures 1b and
and1c);1c); however, the difference between the initial and concluding points of the study was convincing only in the young group (
Table 2).
Although the molecular mechanisms of these shifts remain obscure, cocoa components have been previously shown to increase production of interleukin 1-beta (IL1β), an inflammatory cytokine,
20 and results of a recent study suggest that chocolate potentiates IL1β induction by
P. acnes.
21 It is interesting that IL1β expression was shown to precede keratinocyte cornification,
22 thus being directly linked to eventual corneocyte desquamation, the enhancement of which might be interpreted as a proinflammatory phenomenon