Pathway analysis with GSEA showed that significant decreases of “riboflavin metabolism” and “biotin metabolism” in PD were ranked first and second, respectively (Supplementary Table
5). Similarly, the significant decrease of “arginine and proline metabolism” was ranked sixth (Supplementary Table
5). These three pathways were also decreased by pathway analysis with the hypergeometric test, although significance was observed only in “riboflavin metabolism” and “biotin metabolism” (Supplementary Table
4). . . .
. . . In a clinical study, high doses of riboflavin ameliorated motor deficits in PD patients
28. In another disease, supplementation of riboflavin in patients with Crohn’s disease decreased systemic oxidative stress, inflammatory effects, and disease activity
29. Supplementation of riboflavin to compensate for decreased riboflavin production by gut microbiota may be beneficial in PD patients.
Biotin (vitamin B7) produces anti-inflammatory substances and decreases inflammation, which leads to the relief of allergy, immunological symptoms, and inflammatory bowel disease
30. The effects of biotin on PD have not been reported to the best of our knowledge. In contrast, in multiple sclerosis, open
31 and double-blind
32 studies showed that biotin ameliorated motor and optical defects.
