Hi, i saw this link posted on another thread about B2 and was so struck by how much it related to my own experiences over the years that i needed to give it a seperate thread.
http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/6/1352.full
Below i have taken exracts from this paper that relate to my health and may have implications for others with M.E. I dont currently take a B vitamin (its complicated) but am now going to add B2 to the mix.
Extracts taken from : Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health1,2
Hilary J Powers
1 From The Centre for Human Nutrition, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
**As shown on my mitochondrial profile test Acumen labs
**My translocator protein studies show an accumulation of fatty acids deposited on my mitochondrial membranes, most notably oleic and linoleic acids
** have had problems with iron transportation and storage for years.
**Adrenal problems exacerbated by steroid use for lung condition.
** Anemia again, plus I have neurological problems and vision problems. I have subclinical hypothyroidsim, but due to adrenal issues cant tolerate supplementing with thyroxine.
I have had surgery for cervical dysplasia, 3 years ago.
**Cant directly relate to my experience, but I know its to do with the methylation cycle and so must be important for us.
**I have had a problem with night blindness since I first became ill. Driving at night ios almost completely impossible it was one of my symptoms that stayed when I was in remmission.
References:
67. Prentice AM, Bates CJ. A biochemical evaluation of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) test for riboflavin status. 1. Rate and specificity of response in acute deficiency. Br J Nutr 1981;45:3752.[Medline]
68. Prentice AM, Bates CJ. A biochemical evaluation of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) test for riboflavin status. 2. Dose-response relationships in chronic marginal deficiency. Br J Nutr 1981;45:5365.[Medline]
71. Hoppel CL, DiMarco JP, Tandler B. Riboflavin and rat hepatic structure and function. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in deficiency states. J Biol Chem 1979;254:416470.[Free Full Text]
72. Olpin SE, Bates CJ. Lipid metabolism in riboflavin deficient rats II. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and microsomal desaturation pathway. Br J Nutr 1982;47:58996.[Medline]
73. Goodman SI. Organic aciduria in the riboflavin deficient rat. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:24347.[Free Full Text]
74. Hoppel CL, Tandler B. Riboflavin deficiency. In: Tanaka K, Coates PM, eds. Fatty acid oxidation: chemical, biochemical and molecular aspects. New York: Alan R Liss, 1988:23348.
75. Veitch K, Draye JP, Van Hoof F, Sherratt HS. Effects of riboflavin deficiency and clofibrate treatment on the five acyl CoA dehydrogenases in rat liver mitochondria. Biochem J 1988;254:47781.[Medline]
80. Foy H, Kondi A. A case of true red cell aplastic anaemia successfully treated with riboflavin. J Pathol Bacteriol 1953;65:55964.[Medline]
81. Foy H, Kondi A. Anaemias of the tropics: East Africa, with special reference to proteins and liver damage. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1958;52:4670.[Medline]
82. Foy H, Kondi A, Mbaya V. Effects of riboflavin deficiency on bone marrow function and protein metabolism in baboons. Br J Nutr 1964;18:30717.[Medline]
83. Foy H, Kondi A. A comparison between erythroid aplasia in marasmus and kwashiorkor and the experimentally induced erythroid aplasia in baboons by riboflavin deficiency. Vitam Horm 1968;26:65379.[Medline]
91. Decker K, Dotis B, Glatzle D, Hinselmann M. Riboflavin status and anaemia in pregnant women. Nutr Metab 1977;21(suppl):179.[Medline]
92. Buzina R, Jusic M, Milanovic N, Sapurnar J, Brubacher G. The effects of riboflavin administration on iron metabolism parameters in a school-going population. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1979;49:13643.[Medline]
93. Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Lamb WH, Jepson M, Bowman H. The relative effectiveness of iron and iron with riboflavin in correcting a microcytic anaemia in men and children in rural Gambia. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37C:41325.
94. Powers HJ, Wright AJA, Fairweather-Tait SJ. The effect of riboflavin deficiency in rats on the absorption and distribution of iron. Br J Nutr 1988;59:3817.[Medline]
95. Powers HJ, Weaver LT, Austin S, Wright AJA, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Riboflavin deficiency in the rat: effects on iron utilization and loss. Br J Nutr 1991;65:48796.[Medline]
106. Leshner RT. Riboflavin deficiencya reversible neurodegenerative disease. Ann Neurol 1981;10:2945.
107. Bell IR, Morrow FD, Read M, Berkes S, Perrone G. Low thyroxine levels in female psychiatric patients with riboflavin deficiency: implications for folate-dependent methylation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:3603.[Medline]
118. Lui T, Soong SJ, Wilson NP, et al. A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993;2:52530.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
122. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett W, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 1992;268:87781.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
123. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274:104957.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
124. Homocysteine-Lowering Trialists Collaboration. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 1998;316:8948.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
125. Selhub J, Miller JW. The pathogenesis of homocysteinemia: interruption of the coordinate regulation by S-adenosylmethionine of the remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:1318.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
126. Morrison HI, Schaubel D, Desmeules M, Wigle DT. Serum folate and the risk of fatal coronary heart disease. JAMA 1996;275:18936.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
127. Kang SS, Wong P, Susmano A, Sora J, Norusis M, Ruggie N. Thermolabile methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase: an inherited risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Hum Genet 1991;48:53645.[Medline]
128. Lakshmi R, Lakshmi AV, Bamji MS. Mechanisms of impaired skin collagen maturity in riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency. J Biosci 1990;15:28995.
129. Hustad S, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Zhang Y, Bjorke-Monsen AL, Schneede J. Riboflavin as a determinant of plasma total homocysteine: effect modification by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism. Clin Chem 2000;46:106571.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
130. Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rich S, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Determinants of plasma homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:61321.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
131. Moat SJ, Ashfield-Watt PAL, Powers HJ, Newcombe RG, McDowell IFW. The effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to MTHFR genotype. Clin Chem 2003;49:295302.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
135. Venkataswamy G. Ocular manifestations of vitamin B complex deficiency. Br J Ophthalmol 1967;51:74954.[Free Full Text]
136. Miyamota Y, Sancar A. Vitamin B2 based blue photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:6097102.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
137. Batey DW, Daneshgar KK, Eckhert CD. Flavin levels in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 1992;54:6059.[Medline]
http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/6/1352.full
Below i have taken exracts from this paper that relate to my health and may have implications for others with M.E. I dont currently take a B vitamin (its complicated) but am now going to add B2 to the mix.
Extracts taken from : Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health1,2
Hilary J Powers
1 From The Centre for Human Nutrition, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Riboflavin deficiency in rats was associated with a dose-response, tissue-specific reduction in succinate oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.99.1; succinate dehydrogenase) activity (67, 68). Such an effect may have implications for energy production via oxidative phosphorylation of the electron transport chain.
**As shown on my mitochondrial profile test Acumen labs
The influence of riboflavin deficiency on fatty acid profiles may reflect an overall reduction in the oxidation of fatty acids, while essential fatty acids present in the diet accumulate. Weanling rats fed a riboflavin-deficient diet rapidly showed impaired oxidation of palmitoyl CoA and stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids (71, 72). Associated with this is the excretion of various dicarboxylic acids, resulting from microsomal and peroxisomal handling of the fatty acids (7375). This scenario has its counterpart in humans with inborn errors of lipid metabolism leading to organic aciduria that is responsive to pharmacologic doses of riboflavin
**My translocator protein studies show an accumulation of fatty acids deposited on my mitochondrial membranes, most notably oleic and linoleic acids
Riboflavin and hematologic status
Very early studies of riboflavin deficiency in human populations (in which it almost certainly coexisted with other deficiencies) and animals indicated effects of riboflavin on aspects of the hemopoietic system. Riboflavin-responsive anemia in humans was described by Foy and Kondi (80, 81)
** have had problems with iron transportation and storage for years.
. Further studies in subhuman primates fed a riboflavin-deficient diet showed marked disturbances in the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow and in the kinetics of iron handling (82, 83). Some of the effects of riboflavin deficiency on the activity of the bone marrow may be mediated by the adrenal cortex, which is both structurally and functionally impaired by riboflavin deficiency
**Adrenal problems exacerbated by steroid use for lung condition.
Iron absorption and loss
Intervention studies in humans further support the idea that riboflavin status might influence iron handling, possibly including effects at the level of iron absorption. Correcting a riboflavin deficiency in pregnant or lactating women, adult males, and school-aged children improved the hematologic response to iron supplements (61, 9193). Subsequently, animal studies confirmed that moderate riboflavin deficiency impairs iron absorption (94, 95
Riboflavin, neurodegeneration, and peripheral neuropathy
Symptoms of neurodegeneration and peripheral neuropathy have been documented in several studies of riboflavin deficiency in different species
an interesting case of a 2.5-y-old girl with biochemical evidence of moderate riboflavin deficiency has been described. The child had a range of neurologic abnormalities, with anemia and visual impairment (106). With high-dose riboflavin supplementation, the anemia resolved quickly and the neurologic and visual abnormalities resolved over several months. Riboflavin plays a role in thyroxine metabolism, and riboflavin deficiency may contribute to the pathophysiology of some mental illness via this route (107
** Anemia again, plus I have neurological problems and vision problems. I have subclinical hypothyroidsim, but due to adrenal issues cant tolerate supplementing with thyroxine.
**Poor riboflavin status has also been implicated as a risk factor for cervical dysplasia, a precursor condition for invasive cervical cancer (118). A case-control study of 257 cases of cervical dysplasia and 133 controls showed an increased risk of cervical dysplasia at a riboflavin intake of < 1.2 mg/d, after correction for known risk factors and total energy intake. There was a significant trend effect. This study also identified lower intakes of vitamin A and folate as risk factors. It may be important that riboflavin has a role in the metabolism of folate, and low dietary riboflavin might therefore exacerbate the effects of low dietary folate in this context.
I have had surgery for cervical dysplasia, 3 years ago.
Riboflavin as a modulator of homocysteine concentrations
In recent years there has been much interest in the importance of plasma homocysteine as a graded risk factor for cardiovascular disease (122, 123). Homocysteine is a thiol-containing amino acid that arises as a product of the metabolism of the essential amino acid methionine. It is not incorporated into protein and therefore its concentration is regulated by the rate of its synthesis and metabolism. The main determinants of the homocysteine concentration in tissues and consequently in the circulation are genotype and diet. Homocysteine is metabolized through 2 main routes, transsulfuration, which is vitamin B-6 dependent, and remethylation to methionine, which is folate, vitamin B-12, and riboflavin dependent. Most attention has been directed toward the importance of folate, which is a strong independent predictor of plasma homocysteine and which has homocysteine-lowering activity (124). Supplementary vitamin B-12 has modest homocysteine-lowering effects under certain circumstances (124), whereas reports of the effects of supplementary vitamin B-6 are inconsistent (125, 126). Riboflavin has been largely ignored, despite the fact that FAD is a cofactor for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (EC 1.7.99.5), which metabolizes folate to the form used in homocysteine methylation. A common mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, (the 677C?T thermolabile variant), for which 530% of different populations are reported to be homozygous, is associated with increased plasma homocysteine concentrations (127). Further evidence for a role of riboflavin in homocysteine homeostasis comes from a report of elevated homocysteine in the skin of riboflavin-deficient rats (128). Riboflavin status was reported as being a modulator of plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy adults, especially among subjects homozygous for the common 677C?T mutation (129). Riboflavin intake also emerged as a factor influencing plasma total homocysteine in men and women from the Framingham Offspring Cohort (130). We recently confirmed a folate-riboflavin interaction in determining plasma homocysteine that is unrelated to genotype (131)
**Cant directly relate to my experience, but I know its to do with the methylation cycle and so must be important for us.
More recently, it was hypothesized that riboflavin deficiency may be associated with night blindness in some communities and that improving riboflavin status might enhance the improvement in night blindness evoked by vitamin A. Venkataswamy (135) reported riboflavin-responsive night blindness in India. Riboflavin-dependent photoreceptors (cryptochromes) identified in the retina are thought to play a role in the process of dark adaptation (136, 137). Dietary riboflavin might influence dark adaptation through these photoreceptors, through interaction with vitamin A, or independently. This is an area that deserves further attention.
**I have had a problem with night blindness since I first became ill. Driving at night ios almost completely impossible it was one of my symptoms that stayed when I was in remmission.
References:
67. Prentice AM, Bates CJ. A biochemical evaluation of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) test for riboflavin status. 1. Rate and specificity of response in acute deficiency. Br J Nutr 1981;45:3752.[Medline]
68. Prentice AM, Bates CJ. A biochemical evaluation of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) test for riboflavin status. 2. Dose-response relationships in chronic marginal deficiency. Br J Nutr 1981;45:5365.[Medline]
71. Hoppel CL, DiMarco JP, Tandler B. Riboflavin and rat hepatic structure and function. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in deficiency states. J Biol Chem 1979;254:416470.[Free Full Text]
72. Olpin SE, Bates CJ. Lipid metabolism in riboflavin deficient rats II. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and microsomal desaturation pathway. Br J Nutr 1982;47:58996.[Medline]
73. Goodman SI. Organic aciduria in the riboflavin deficient rat. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:24347.[Free Full Text]
74. Hoppel CL, Tandler B. Riboflavin deficiency. In: Tanaka K, Coates PM, eds. Fatty acid oxidation: chemical, biochemical and molecular aspects. New York: Alan R Liss, 1988:23348.
75. Veitch K, Draye JP, Van Hoof F, Sherratt HS. Effects of riboflavin deficiency and clofibrate treatment on the five acyl CoA dehydrogenases in rat liver mitochondria. Biochem J 1988;254:47781.[Medline]
80. Foy H, Kondi A. A case of true red cell aplastic anaemia successfully treated with riboflavin. J Pathol Bacteriol 1953;65:55964.[Medline]
81. Foy H, Kondi A. Anaemias of the tropics: East Africa, with special reference to proteins and liver damage. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1958;52:4670.[Medline]
82. Foy H, Kondi A, Mbaya V. Effects of riboflavin deficiency on bone marrow function and protein metabolism in baboons. Br J Nutr 1964;18:30717.[Medline]
83. Foy H, Kondi A. A comparison between erythroid aplasia in marasmus and kwashiorkor and the experimentally induced erythroid aplasia in baboons by riboflavin deficiency. Vitam Horm 1968;26:65379.[Medline]
91. Decker K, Dotis B, Glatzle D, Hinselmann M. Riboflavin status and anaemia in pregnant women. Nutr Metab 1977;21(suppl):179.[Medline]
92. Buzina R, Jusic M, Milanovic N, Sapurnar J, Brubacher G. The effects of riboflavin administration on iron metabolism parameters in a school-going population. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1979;49:13643.[Medline]
93. Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Lamb WH, Jepson M, Bowman H. The relative effectiveness of iron and iron with riboflavin in correcting a microcytic anaemia in men and children in rural Gambia. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37C:41325.
94. Powers HJ, Wright AJA, Fairweather-Tait SJ. The effect of riboflavin deficiency in rats on the absorption and distribution of iron. Br J Nutr 1988;59:3817.[Medline]
95. Powers HJ, Weaver LT, Austin S, Wright AJA, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Riboflavin deficiency in the rat: effects on iron utilization and loss. Br J Nutr 1991;65:48796.[Medline]
106. Leshner RT. Riboflavin deficiencya reversible neurodegenerative disease. Ann Neurol 1981;10:2945.
107. Bell IR, Morrow FD, Read M, Berkes S, Perrone G. Low thyroxine levels in female psychiatric patients with riboflavin deficiency: implications for folate-dependent methylation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:3603.[Medline]
118. Lui T, Soong SJ, Wilson NP, et al. A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993;2:52530.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
122. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett W, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 1992;268:87781.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
123. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274:104957.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
124. Homocysteine-Lowering Trialists Collaboration. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 1998;316:8948.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
125. Selhub J, Miller JW. The pathogenesis of homocysteinemia: interruption of the coordinate regulation by S-adenosylmethionine of the remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:1318.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
126. Morrison HI, Schaubel D, Desmeules M, Wigle DT. Serum folate and the risk of fatal coronary heart disease. JAMA 1996;275:18936.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
127. Kang SS, Wong P, Susmano A, Sora J, Norusis M, Ruggie N. Thermolabile methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase: an inherited risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Hum Genet 1991;48:53645.[Medline]
128. Lakshmi R, Lakshmi AV, Bamji MS. Mechanisms of impaired skin collagen maturity in riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency. J Biosci 1990;15:28995.
129. Hustad S, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Zhang Y, Bjorke-Monsen AL, Schneede J. Riboflavin as a determinant of plasma total homocysteine: effect modification by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism. Clin Chem 2000;46:106571.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
130. Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rich S, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Determinants of plasma homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:61321.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
131. Moat SJ, Ashfield-Watt PAL, Powers HJ, Newcombe RG, McDowell IFW. The effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to MTHFR genotype. Clin Chem 2003;49:295302.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
135. Venkataswamy G. Ocular manifestations of vitamin B complex deficiency. Br J Ophthalmol 1967;51:74954.[Free Full Text]
136. Miyamota Y, Sancar A. Vitamin B2 based blue photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:6097102.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
137. Batey DW, Daneshgar KK, Eckhert CD. Flavin levels in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 1992;54:6059.[Medline]