After I increased the dose I noticed that I was getting more and more depressed and anti-social. Once I've given up, I'm in a good mood again.
Well at least something happened, even if it didn't work out as you might have hoped.
It sounds to me like you are running out of folate.
Once these B12 pathways open up and start working there can be a large demand placed on various nutrients which quickly become depleted.
Freddd, who has reported most on this issue, has described it in terms of
refeeding syndrome. About 3 days after the pathways start functioning with an initial favourable response, there is a marked decline. In starving people being refed, this is sometimes so serious that death results.
The two nutrients most implicated in this immediate response appear to be potassium and folate (potassium particularly so for starvation victims). With time, trace mineral depletion may be a big issue also.
In the post I linked, Freddd describes various symptoms that might be encountered. In my experience it can sometimes be difficult to work out if you need potassium or folate. You just need to try both and see which you respond to, though depression sounds much more like folate.
Needs can change also and it can be a very rocky pathway trying to get things to run more smoothly.
I suggest you try again with the dose of B12 that seemed to be doing something but with 3-4 times as much folate as previously. Spread the folate over 3-4 doses and be prepared to take a lot more. Don't be surprised if you have an almost insatiable need - just keep taking more until the symptoms subside. Eventually you will stabilise on a dose. After that, increasing B12 further is not likely to further increase need for folate.
Have some potassium on hand in case that becomes an issue also.
If you do experience the extremely high folate need don't panic - just go with it at first to help sort out what is and is not working for you. People on PR (including myself) have taken 40-50 mg folate daily for a time. The only thing it will hurt is your pocket.
Effectively making active B2 can help reduce the need for folate, but this too can be difficult. I linked a thread in an earlier post which discusses this.
Using the sublingual FMN will help overcome difficulties in the first stage of formation of the active vitamin (riboflavin > FMN > FAD), and you need molybdenum to get the second stage working.
None of these nutrients should be taken in large amounts in isolation. Have a look at some of the links in my earlier post to get an idea of the range of basic nutrients you may need to supplement, especially all the B vitamins, minerals and trace minerals, fatty acids, basic antioxidants, etc. Freddd used SAMe and TMG also though personally I could never see the point of these.
Many of these nutrients can be helpful in people who have the range of metabolic derangements that seem to prevail in ME/CFS.
Your case is presumably a bit different but I think the same principle applies. It may well be B12 and folate which is driving the response but many other things need to be in place for the whole system to work.