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Direct visualization of fungal infection in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease.

O

osisposis

Senior Member
Messages
389
J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(2):613-24. doi: 10.3233/JAD-141386.
Direct visualization of fungal infection in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Pisa D1, Alonso R1, Juarranz A2, Rábano A3, Carrasco L1.
Author information
Abstract
Recently, we have reported the presence of fungal infections in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, fungal proteins and DNA were found in brain samples, demonstrating the existence of infection in the central nervous system. In the present work, we raised antibodies to specific fungal species and performed immunohistochemistry to directly visualize fungal components inside neurons from AD patients. Mice infected with Candida glabrata were initially used to assess whether yeast can be internalized in mammalian tissues. Using polyclonal rabbit antibodies against C. glabrata, rounded immunopositive cells could be detected in the cytoplasm of cells from liver, spleen, and brain samples in infected, but not uninfected, mice. Immunohistochemical analyses of tissue from the frontal cortex of AD patients revealed the presence of fungal material in a small percentage (~10%) of cells, suggesting the presence of infection. Importantly, this immunopositive material was absent in control samples. Confocal microscopy indicated that this fungal material had an intracellular localization. The specific morphology of this material varied between patients; in some instances, disseminated material was localized to the cytoplasm, whereas small punctate bodies were detected in other patients. Interestingly, fungal material could be revealed using different anti-fungal antibodies, suggesting multiple infections. In summary, fungal infection can only be observed using specific anti-fungal antibodies and only a small percentage of cells contain fungi. Our findings provide an explanation for the hitherto elusive detection of fungi in AD brains, and are consistent with the idea that fungal cells are internalized inside neurons.
KEYWORDS:
Candida; fungal infection; intracellular infection; neurodegenerative disease

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25125470
 
O

osisposis

Senior Member
Messages
389
osisposis said:
J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(2):613-24. doi: 10.3233/JAD-141386.
Direct visualization of fungal infection in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Pisa D1, Alonso R1, Juarranz A2, Rábano A3, Carrasco L1.
Author information
Abstract
Recently, we have reported the presence of fungal infections in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, fungal proteins and DNA were found in brain samples, demonstrating the existence of infection in the central nervous system. In the present work, we raised antibodies to specific fungal species and performed immunohistochemistry to directly visualize fungal components inside neurons from AD patients. Mice infected with Candida glabrata were initially used to assess whether yeast can be internalized in mammalian tissues. Using polyclonal rabbit antibodies against C. glabrata, rounded immunopositive cells could be detected in the cytoplasm of cells from liver, spleen, and brain samples in infected, but not uninfected, mice. Immunohistochemical analyses of tissue from the frontal cortex of AD patients revealed the presence of fungal material in a small percentage (~10%) of cells, suggesting the presence of infection. Importantly, this immunopositive material was absent in control samples. Confocal microscopy indicated that this fungal material had an intracellular localization. The specific morphology of this material varied between patients; in some instances, disseminated material was localized to the cytoplasm, whereas small punctate bodies were detected in other patients. Interestingly, fungal material could be revealed using different anti-fungal antibodies, suggesting multiple infections. In summary, fungal infection can only be observed using specific anti-fungal antibodies and only a small percentage of cells contain fungi. Our findings provide an explanation for the hitherto elusive detection of fungi in AD brains, and are consistent with the idea that fungal cells are internalized inside neurons.
KEYWORDS:
Candida; fungal infection; intracellular infection; neurodegenerative disease

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25125470
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I think this is interesting to go along with this, because this is me, my left side is shot. now fungi is a opertunestic invader so in the older and your natural defences are weaker and with all the crap some people breath chronicly or whatever, seems obvious fungi will become a problem at some point and this is through the nose sinus/brain route. but with some bad exposures like in a water damaged building/home mold along with other nasties is also part of the cause and if you get meningitis on top all that hell ya you have immediate type reactions to other toxins/chemicals in the environment that take that same damaged pathway , you can have seizure type affects too, lalaland, balance, energy, ya it's rough.
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One thing you won’t believe Alzheimer’s disease affects – and we can use it for early detection!
Read more at
http://blog.thealzheimerssite.com/peanut-butter-test-for-alzheimers-signs/#TXJcdJyuaBFmdVXp.99
 
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