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An addition to the plethora of threads about whether coffee is good or bad:
Association of Coffee Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality
in Three Large Prospective Cohorts
Running title: Ding et al.; Coffee and Total and Cause-specific Mortality
Ming Ding, MD1,2; Ambika Satija, BA1,2; Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju, PhD1; Yang Hu, MS1; Qi Sun, MD, DSc1,3; Jiali Han, DSc4,5; Esther Lopez-Garcia, PhD6; Walter Willett, MD, DrPH1,2,3; Rob M. van Dam, PhD1,7; Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD1,2,3
1Dept of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; 2Dept of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; 3Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; 4Dept of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; 5Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; 6Dept of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPAZ, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; 7Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
Abstract
Background—The association between consumption of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and risk of mortality remains inconclusive.
Methods and Results—We examined the associations of consumption of total, caffeinated, and decaffeinated coffee with risk of subsequent total and cause-specific mortality among 74,890 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), 93,054 women in the NHS 2, and 40,557 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Coffee consumption was assessed at baseline using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. During 4,690,072 person-years of follow-up, 19,524 women and 12,432 men died. Consumption of total, caffeinated, and decaffeinated coffee were non-linearly associated with mortality. Compared to non-drinkers, coffee consumption one to five cups/d was associated with lower risk of mortality, while coffee consumption more than five cups/d was not associated with risk of mortality. However, when restricting to never smokers, compared to non-drinkers, the HRs of mortality were 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) for 1 cup/d, 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) for 1.1-3 cups/d, 0.85 (0.79 to 0.92) for 3.1-5 cups/d, and 0.88 (0.78 to 0.99) for > 5 cups/d (p for non-linearity = 0.32; p for trend < 0.001). Significant inverse associations
were observed for caffeinated (p for trend < 0.001) and decaffeinated coffee (p for trend = 0.022). Significant inverse associations were observed between coffee consumption and deaths due to cardiovascular disease, neurological diseases, and suicide. No significant association between coffee consumption and total cancer mortality was found.
Conclusions—Higher consumption of total coffee, caffeinated coffee, and decaffeinated coffee was associated with lower risk of total mortality.
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